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Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities, including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical (M/E) properties. Recently, many transcriptomic signatures based on single-cell RNA-seq have been identified in cortical interneurons. However, whether different interneuron populations defined by transcriptomic signature expressions correspond to distinct M/E subtypes is still unknown. Here, we applied the Patch-PCR approach to simultaneously obtain the M/E properties and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of >600 interneurons in layer V of the mouse somatosensory cortex (S1). Subsequently, we identified 11 M/E subtypes, 9 neurochemical cell populations (NCs), and 20 transcriptomic cell populations (TCs) in this cortical lamina. Further analysis revealed that cells in many NCs and TCs comprised several M/E types and were difficult to clearly distinguish morpho-electrically. A similar analysis of layer V interneurons of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) and motor cortex (M1) gave results largely comparable to S1. Comparison between S1, V1, and M1 suggested that, compared to V1, S1 interneurons were morpho-electrically more similar to M1. Our study reveals the presence of substantial M/E variations in cortical interneuron populations defined by molecular expression.
Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Neocortex/physiology , Mice, Transgenic , Interneurons/physiologyABSTRACT
Hepatocellular adenoma is a rare type of benign tumor in the liver. It has high risk of rupture and low risk of malignant transform. Recently the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma malignant transforming has been increasing. The malignant progress of hepatocellular adenoma develop to hepatocellular carcinoma has the transition state. This course not only relyes on the CTNNB1 gene exon 3 mutations, but also depends on TERT gene promoter mutation. This article will elaborate the hepatocellular adenoma malignant transforming in molecule mechanism, pathological diagnosis and therapies.
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Hepatocellular adenoma is a rare type of benign tumor in the liver. It has high risk of rupture and low risk of malignant transform. Recently the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma malignant transforming has been increasing. The malignant progress of hepatocellular adenoma develop to hepatocellular carcinoma has the transition state. This course not only relyes on the CTNNB1 gene exon 3 mutations, but also depends on TERT gene promoter mutation. This article will elaborate the hepatocellular adenoma malignant transforming in molecule mechanism, pathological diagnosis and therapies.
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As a novel analytical method, nanopore sensing is widely applied in many fields such as nucleic acids sequencing, protein / peptide analysis, detection of metal ions and biomacromolecules including virus, bacteria, etc. With the growing public concerns over dietary safety and public security, there has been a greater demand on the detection of toxic molecules. With its high sensitivity and selectivity, nanopore sensing is considered as a more powerful assay, which has been reported in many research articles. Accordingly, this paper surveys the application studies of nanopore sensing in detection of toxic molecules.
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The clinical and fundamental research for intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary stones were still inadequate currently.It was difficult for treat and has the following clinical features:extensive he-patic lesion,complex conditions,more complications,higher recurrence rate,etc.Satisfactory results were hard to gained if just depend on conventional surgery recently.As the methods of diagnosis and treatment are continuously increasing:Ultrasound,CT,MRCP,Choledochoscope,Cholangiography and 3D imaging of hepa-tobiliary system.From the traditional open operation to a variety of minimally invasive treatment.Different examination and treatment methods has its advantages and disadvantages.How to choose the effective,less trauma,appropriate pathway method is the main direction for the current research.
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Objective To explore the association of serum bilirubin level at the time of admission with the compos?ite outcome（disability or death）in discharged patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods In a retrospective cohortstudy from June 1st 2009 to May 31st 2012, we continuously included 3151 patients with acute ischemic stroke and col?lected demography,lifestyle,clinical manifestations and laboratory test data. Functional outcome was measured with themodified Rankin scale (mRS) when subjects were discharged. Disability was defined as mRS≥3 and composite outcomewas defined as mRS≥3 or death. Serum bilirubin was divided into four groups according to the quartile. Multiple Coxregression analysis was used to assess the independent relation between serum bilirubin and disability death and the com?posite outcome. Results There were 407 disabled patients，the disability rate was 12.9%；and 104 patients were dead，the fatality rate was 3.3%.After adjusting for multiple factors, we found the risks of composite outcome with total bilirubin in the four quartile were higher than that in the first quartile, aHR and 95%CI were 1.335(1.047～1.702) respectively；The risks of composite outcome with indirect bilirubin in the four quartile were higher than that in the first quartile, aHR and 95%CI were 1.355(1.062～1.728) respectively; The risks of composite outcome with bilirubin direct in the third and the forth quartile were higher than that in the first quartile, aHR and 95% CI were11.403(1.089～1.807)and 1.431 (1.118～1.833) respectively.With the increase of total bilirubin，indirect bilirubin and direct bilirubin level，the compos?ite outcome of discharged patient was on the increase. Conclusions The study indicated that higher serum bilirubincould increase the risk of composite outcome in ischemic stroke patients, there was dose-response relationship ,and bili?rubin was a independent risk factor.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study therapeutic effects by using different oxygen therapies in rats with acute carbon dioxide poisoning, to select the best oxygen therapy technology for patients with acute carbon dioxide poisoning on the spot.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal control group, carbon dioxide exposure group, hyperbaric oxygen treatment group (pressure 2 ATA, FiO(2)100%), high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group (FiO(2)50%), low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group (FiO(2)33%). After treated with different oxygen in rats with acute carbon dioxide poisoning, arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 of rats were detected, in addition observe pathological changes of lung tissue and brain tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The arterial pH (7.31 ± 0.06) and PO2 [(68.50 ± 15.02) mm Hg] of carbon dioxide exposure group were lower than those of control group [pH (7.42 ± 0.02) and PO2 (92.83 ± 8.27) mm Hg], PCO2 [(71.66 ± 12.10) mm Hg] was higher than that of control group [(48.25 ± 2.59) mm Hg] (P < 0.05); the arterial pH (hyperbaric oxygen treatment group 7.37 ± 0.02, high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group 7.39 ± 0.03, low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group 7.38 ± 0.02) and PO2 of oxygen treatment groups [hyperbaric oxygen treatment group, high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group, low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group were (82.25 ± 12.98), (84.75 ± 11.24), (83.75 ± 16.77) mm Hg, respectively] were higher than that of carbon dioxide exposure group, PCO2 [hyperbaric oxygen treatment group, high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group, low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group were (52.25 ± 4.95), (51.75 ± 4.82), (52.66 ± 5.61) mm Hg, respectively] was lower than that of carbon dioxide exposure group (P < 0.05); there was no significant difference of the arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 between oxygen treatment groups and control group (P > 0.05); there was no significant difference of the arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 among oxygen treatment groups (P > 0.05). There was large area of bleeding of lungs in rats with carbon dioxide poisoning, the bleeding of lungs in rats with high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment and low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment was better than the rats with carbon dioxide poisoning, there was no abnormal appearance of lungs in rats with hyperbaric oxygen treatment. The light microscope observation showed that there were diffuse bleeding and exudation of lungs in rats with carbon dioxide poisoning, the bleeding and exudation of lungs in rats with high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment and low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment were better than the rats with carbon dioxide poisoning, there were only minor bleeding and exudation of lungs in rats with hyperbaric oxygen treatment. There was no difference of brain in anatomy and microscopy among all groups, there were no significant bleeding, edema, cell degeneration and necrosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lung pathology in acute carbon dioxide poisoning rats with hyperbaric oxygen treatment is better than the rats with high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment and low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment, there is no significant difference of effect between high concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group and low concentration of atmospheric oxygen treatment group, however, the results of blood gas analysis and lung pathology than the exposure group improved, so qualified medical unit for hyperbaric oxygen therapy as soon as possible, hyperbaric oxygen treatment facilities in the absence of circumstances, the emergency treatment of early oxygen is also a good measure.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Carbon Dioxide , Poisoning , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Lung , Pathology , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effects of different oxygen therapy technique (different concentrations of normobaric oxygen and the hyperbaric oxygen) on the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle, lung and liver in rats with acute hydrogen sulfide intoxication.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (A), poisoned group (B), oxygen therapy group (C), oxygen therapy group (D) and oxygen therapy group (E). After the exposure to 300 ppm H2S for 60 min in a static exposure tank (1 m3), the rats were treated with oxygen therapy, C, D and E groups were given 33% oxygen, 50% oxygen of atmospheric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for 100 min, respectively. The rats in normal control group inhaled air under the same environment. After exposure and therapy, the tissues of lung, heart and liver were observed under light microscope and electron microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results of light microscope examination showed that the broken and not well aligned cardiac myofilaments, cytoplasmic edema and pyknosis could be seen in group B. The well aligned and clear cardiac myofilaments appeared in group C, D and E. The alveolar hemorrhage, edema and inflammatory cells exudation could not be seen in group A. Alveolar epithelial cell edema, unsmooth alveolar edge and alveolar inflammatory cells exudation could be found in group B. The unsmooth alveolar septal borders and pulmonary edema could be seen occasionally in group C and D, the alveolar inflammatory cells exudation could not be seen in group E. The regular hepatic boards and the uniform hepatic cellular nuclei were found in group A. The disordered hepatic boards, widened cellular gaps and cytoplasmic edema could be seen occasionally in group B. The irregular hepatic boards and ballooning degeneration could be seen in group C and D. The regular hepatic boards and uniform cytoplasm could be found in group E. The results of electron microscope examination indicated that the mitochondrial swelling, autolyzing, fuzzy and breakage of myocardial cells were observed in group B; the clear mitochondrial structure appeared in group E. The apoptosis and organelle vacuole of alveolar epithelial cells could be observed in group B. The relatively normal nuclei of alveolar epithelial cells could be seen in group E. The lax cytoplast structure of hepatocytes, unclear nuclear membrane, lumped chromatin, slightly swelled mitochondria and phagosomes were observed in group B. However, no improved change was observed in group C, D and E.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hydrogen sulfide could induce the extensive and severe damage of myocardial mitochondria, alveolar epithelial cells and hepatocytes, the oxygen therapy in good time could reduce significantly the myocardial injury, and improve the lung injury to some extent. High-pressure oxygen therapy is better than the normobaric oxygen therapy.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Hydrogen Sulfide , Poisoning , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Liver , Pathology , Lung , Pathology , Myocardium , Pathology , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Pulmonary Alveoli , Pathology , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To Evaluate the effects of different oxygen therapies on the rats with acute nitrogen asphyxia and to study the best oxygen therapic protocol for patients with acute nitrogen asphyxia on the spot.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, exposure to nitrogen, 33% oxygen treatment, 50% oxygen treatment and hyperbaric oxygen treatment groups. The behavioral performance, arterial oxygen pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) and oxygen saturation (SPO2), biochemical changes in liver and kidney function and myocardial enzymes in 5 groups were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rats exposed to nitrogen firstly were excited then inactive symptoms, but consciousness was recovered after oxygen therapy. The PO2 and SPO2 in nitrogen exposure group were (79.67 +/- 9.12) and (94.92 +/- 2.78) mm Hg, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.01). The PO2 and SPO2 of 3 oxygen treatment groups were (94.75 +/- 7.24), (94.92 +/- 8.98), (104.58 +/- 7.12)mm Hg and (97.17 +/- 0.83), (96.92 +/- 1.16), (97.42 +/- 0.67)mm Hg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in nitrogen exposure group (P<0.05). The PO2 in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was significantly higher than those in other 2 oxygen treatment groups (P<0.05). The SPO2 in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was (51.42 +/- 6.60) mm Hg which was significantly higher than that [(44.58 +/- 3.42)mm Hg] in 50% oxygen treatment groups (P< 0.05). AST [(270.50 +/- 49.05 )U/L], ALT [(122.67 +/- 55.44 )U/L], BUN [(7.31 +/- 0.93 )mmol/L], Cr[(28.32 +/- 4.35) micromol/L], CK [(1808.42 +/- 582.05)U/L] and CtnI [(22.52 +/- 14.29 )ng/ml] in nitrogen exposure group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). AST [(165.25 +/- 30.87) U/L], HBDH [(350.83 +/- 103.00)U/L] and CtnI [(11.23 +/- 5.38) ng/ml] in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group were significantly lower than those in other 2 oxygen treatment groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Timely and effective oxygen therapy can significantly increase arterial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation in the rats with acute nitrogen asphyxia, and can improve liver function and cardiac damage. The hyperbaric oxygen chamber can significantly increase the therapeutic effects on rats with acute nitrogen asphyxiation.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Asphyxia , Blood , Blood Gas Analysis , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Nitrogen , Toxicity , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
A strain KX6,producing thermotolerant endoglucanase,was isolated from compost. The morpholo-gical identification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed it belongs to Streptomyces xylophagus. The production and characterization of endoglucanase from Streptomyces xylophagus KX6 was studied. Maximum endoglucanase yield of 0.538 IU/ml was achieved with medium pH8.0,containing CMC2Na 1.0% as carbon resource,soybean meal 1% as nitrogen resource,2% inoculating volume,30% 250 ml triangle flask bulk for medium volume at 40℃ 200r/min shaker for 48h. The endoglucanase exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH7.0 and 50℃. The enzyme was stable at 50℃,and able to retain 60% of the full activity,when it was incubated at 60℃ for 1h.The enzyme was stable at pH6.0~7.0. All these findings suggest that the enzyme is a thermotolerant neutral endoglucanase.
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With the establishment of bio-psycho-social medical model,the higher requirements are put forward for medical students′ professional qualification,which include solid theoretical foundation,superb clinical skills,profound humanistic knowledge,and noble medical ethics.It is of great significance to cultivate medical students′ professional qualification,since it can help medical students promote their competitiveness in the job market,improve the quality of medical services and build a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients.There are many approaches to train medical students′ professional qualification,including improving medical curriculum construction,deepening teaching reform of clinical practice,strengthening the integration of professional education and humanities education,conducting medical ethics education,and establishing an assessing system for medical students′ professional qualification.